{"id":1155,"date":"2025-12-04T15:59:44","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T14:59:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/?p=1155"},"modified":"2025-12-05T13:32:00","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T12:32:00","slug":"zprava-o-stavu-certu-v-cechach-na-morave-a-ve-slezsku-s-durazem-na-krampusy-krampusaky-a-krampusacky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/04\/zprava-o-stavu-certu-v-cechach-na-morave-a-ve-slezsku-s-durazem-na-krampusy-krampusaky-a-krampusacky\/","title":{"rendered":"Zpr\u00e1va o stavu \u010dert\u016f v \u010cech\u00e1ch, na Morav\u011b a ve Slezsku s d\u016frazem na krampusy<\/i>, krampus\u00e1ky<\/i> a krampusa\u010dky<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Mil\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ky, mil\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, asi se shodneme, \u017ee jednou z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav \u010desk\u00e9 kultury je \u010dert. Vzpome\u0148me nejen na poh\u00e1dky a podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, ale i t\u0159eba na roli, kterou hraje p\u0159i mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9 nad\u00edlce: \u010cert symbolizuje hrozbu pro zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeho \u00falohou je takov\u00e9 d\u011bti stra\u0161it. Akademick\u00fd slovn\u00edk sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tiny<\/a><\/em> (d\u00e1le jen ASS\u010c) \u010derta definuje jako\u017eto \u201anadp\u0159irozenou bytost podobnou \u010dlov\u011bku s rohy, kopyty a ocasem, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z pekla a zprav. \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed lidem, \u010f\u00e1bla\u2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho \u010derta je, \u017ee jeho obraz v jazyce zahrnuje mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch poloh. To se projevuje mj. zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fdm je postava \u010derta zachycena v \u010desk\u00e9 popkultu\u0159e. \u010cert z Princezny ze mlejna<\/em> (Yvetta Blanarovi\u010dov\u00e1) je roztomil\u00fd \u0148ouma, Janek z poh\u00e1dky S \u010derty nejsou \u017eerty <\/em>(Ond\u0159ej Vetch\u00fd) fajn k\u00e1mo\u0161 od vedle, Solfernus z Hr\u00e1tky s \u010dertem<\/em> (Vladim\u00edr R\u00e1\u017e) lstiv\u00fd manipul\u00e1tor. A takto bychom mohli pokra\u010dovat. Stru\u010dn\u011b shr\u0148me, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 \u010dert nen\u00ed v\u017edy nutn\u011b zl\u00fd, proto m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 smysl rozli\u0161ovat mezi \u010dertem<\/em> a \u010f\u00e1blem<\/em>. \u010e\u00e1bel je \u201a(v poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch a pov\u011bstech) nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost zt\u011bles\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zlo, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z pekla a \u0161kod\u00edc\u00ed lidem, \u010dert \u2022 (v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav\u00e1ch) zl\u00fd duch, d\u00e9mon\u2018. A nen\u00ed proto, p\u0159ijde mi, \u00fapln\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda, \u017ee v\u00fdznam \u201azl\u00fd, z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00fd, nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk\u2018 vyjad\u0159uje ve sv\u00e9m druh\u00e9m u\u017eit\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b slovo \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>, a ne \u010dert <\/em>(srov. ASS\u010c<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed povahov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed \u010dert\u016f a mno\u017estv\u00ed konotac\u00ed, obraz\u016f, kter\u00e9 si s \u010derty spojujeme, je velk\u00e9. A tot\u00e9\u017e plat\u00ed o mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdraz\u016f pro \u010derta, alespo\u0148 tedy, pokud vyjdeme z \u0161irok\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed synonymie. Zkou\u0161\u00edm t\u011bchto v\u00fdraz\u016f uv\u00e9st hodn\u011b, ani\u017e bych se sna\u017eil vyjmenovat opravdu \u00fapln\u011b v\u0161echny: b\u011bs, rarach, rar\u00e1\u0161ek, \u010fas, \u010dert, \u010dert\u00edk, \u010f\u00e1bel, kn\u00ed\u017ee pekel, Lucifer, luciper, Belzebub, Satan, satan\u00e1\u0161, vl\u00e1dce temnoty, kn\u00ed\u017ee temnost\u00ed, kn\u00ed\u017ee temnoty, kn\u00ed\u017ee pekel, kn\u00ed\u017ee podsv\u011bt\u00ed, \u010cernoboh, arci\u010f\u00e1bel, \u010dertisko, \u010derchmant, hasa\u010dert, rohat\u00fd, kr\u00e1l pekla, pekeln\u00edk, Antikrist, padl\u00fd and\u011bl, sv\u011btlono\u0161, Mefistofeles <\/em>(https:\/\/beta.najdislovo.cz\/<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jen pro po\u0159\u00e1dek je\u0161t\u011b dodejme, \u017ee tato slova jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed fraz\u00e9m\u016f (bolet jak(o) \u010dert<\/em>, upsat du\u0161i \u010f\u00e1blu<\/em>) a jsou z\u00e1kladem pro tvo\u0159en\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch slov (\u010dert<\/em> \/ \u010dertice<\/em>, \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em> \/ \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00fd<\/em>, rarach<\/em> \/ rar\u00e1\u0161ek<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro t\u00e9ma na\u0161eho blogu je ov\u0161em nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee mno\u017eina slov pro v\u00fdznam \u201a\u010dert \/ bytost z pekla\u2018 v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b zaznamenala zv\u00fd\u0161enou neologickou aktivitu. \u010ce\u0161tinu toti\u017e obohatila slova krampus<\/em>, krampusov\u00fd<\/em>, krampus\u00e1k<\/em>, krampusa\u010dka<\/em> a krampus\u00e1ck\u00fd<\/em>. A na n\u011b se te\u010f spole\u010dn\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

V r\u00e1mci tzv. neobal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f si slova krampus<\/em> a krampusov\u00fd<\/em> ji\u017e na\u0161la cestu i do ASS\u010c: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

krampus <\/strong>[krampus] -se, -sa (3., 6. j. -sovi, -su, -si, 1. mn. -sov\u00e9, -si, 4. mn. -sy, -se, 6. mn. -sech, -s\u00edch, 7. mn. -sy, -si, sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed podle vzor\u016f p\u00e1n i mu\u017e) podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no rodu mu\u017esk\u00e9ho \u017eivotn\u00e9ho \u27e8z n\u011bm\u010diny\u27e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.<\/strong> (zejm\u00e9na v Rakousku a ji\u017en\u00edm N\u011bmecku) nadp\u0159irozen\u00e1 bytost podobn\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bku s rohy, kopyty, ocasem a dr\u00e1py, zprav. doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed Mikul\u00e1\u0161e a and\u011bla v obdob\u00ed adventu a trestaj\u00edc\u00ed zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti, zl\u00fd, d\u011bsiv\u00fd \u010dert: pekeln\u00edk zvan\u00fd krampus; Krampus je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm alpsk\u00fdm stra\u0161idlem.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.<\/strong> \u010dlov\u011bk ztv\u00e1r\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed krampuse 1: U \u0161koly \u0159\u00e1dili d\u011bsiv\u00ed krampusov\u00e9.; Pochod krampus\u016f si mohou u\u017e\u00edt i Pra\u017ean\u00e9 \u2013 kon\u00e1 se v are\u00e1lu pra\u017esk\u00e9ho V\u00fdstavi\u0161t\u011b. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

krampusov\u00fd<\/strong> [krampusovi\u02d0] p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se ke krampusovi 1 (\u010dertovi), 2 (\u010dlov\u011bku ztv\u00e1r\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmu \u010derta): krampusov\u00e1 maska; krampusov\u00fd pr\u016fvod; Krampusov\u00ed \u010derti jsou d\u011bsiv\u00ed.; Man\u017eelka mi darovala z\u00e1jezd do Rakouska na krampusovou show.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkdy se u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nesklonn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no krampus<\/em>, nap\u0159. krampus \u010derti <\/em>nebo krampus show<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak jsme si mohli v\u0161imnout ve slovn\u00edkov\u00e9m hesle v\u00fd\u0161e, slovo krampus<\/em> poch\u00e1z\u00ed z n\u011bm\u010diny a ozna\u010duje \u201azl\u00e9ho, d\u011bsiv\u00e9ho \u010derta\u2018, zejm\u00e9na z Rakouska a ji\u017en\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Jde tedy vlastn\u011b o p\u016fvodn\u011b ciz\u00ed re\u00e1lii. Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me do aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010desk\u00fdch text\u016f nap\u0159. na internetu nebo v korpusech \u00dastavu \u010cesk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho korpusu, vid\u00edme, \u017ee zapustila ko\u0159eny i v na\u0161\u00ed kultu\u0159e. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee funkc\u00ed slova krampus<\/em> je pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to re\u00e1lie, je pom\u011brn\u011b neproblematick\u00e9. Z t\u00e9to perspektivy slovo krampus<\/em> pot\u0159ebujeme, proto\u017ee slova jako \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>, rarach<\/em>, \u010dert<\/em> apod. jej mohou nahradit jen za cenu zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed, nebo\u0165 jsou, narozd\u00edl od n\u011bj, \u201egeograficky neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trochu zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed perspektiva se n\u00e1m otev\u0159e, kdy\u017e se budeme pt\u00e1t na vymezen\u00ed tohoto slova v\u016f\u010di dal\u0161\u00edm podobn\u00fdm slov\u016fm, tj. \u0161iroce pojat\u00fdm synonym\u016fm. N\u011bco n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee napov\u011bd\u011bt i jen \u00fapln\u011b jednoduch\u00e1 re\u0161er\u0161e na internetu pomoc\u00ed aplikace Google obr\u00e1zky. Zad\u00e1me-li \u010dert<\/em>, objev\u00ed se velmi pestr\u00e1 paleta zobrazen\u00ed bytost\u00ed d\u011bsiv\u00fdch, brut\u00e1ln\u00edch, relativn\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00edch, roztomil\u00fdch, sympatick\u00fdch\u2026 V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b slova krampus<\/em> jde t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b o vyobrazen\u00ed d\u011bsiv\u00fdch, brut\u00e1ln\u00edch \u010dert\u016f s ostr\u00fdmi zuby a dr\u00e1py, zkrvaven\u00fdmi \u00fasty apod. Tak\u00e9 u \u010f\u00e1bla<\/em> jsou obr\u00e1zky roztomil\u00fdch \u010dert\u016f \u0159id\u0161\u00ed, zato se zde setk\u00e1v\u00e1me s odkazy na n\u00e1zvy um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u011bl, zprav. liter\u00e1rn\u00edch a filmov\u00fdch, \u010di s vyobrazen\u00edm drav\u00e9ho va\u010dnatce \u010f\u00e1bla medv\u011bdovit\u00e9ho, kter\u00e9ho zn\u00e1te tak\u00e9 jako tasm\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho \u010derta<\/em>, latinsky Sarcophilus harrisii<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o rozd\u00edlech mezi slovy \u010dert<\/em>, \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em> a krampus<\/em> n\u00e1m m\u016f\u017ee d\u00e1t anal\u00fdza v korpusech \u00dastavu \u010cesk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho korpusu<\/a>. Vyjdeme z jednoduch\u00e9ho p\u0159edpokladu a ud\u011bl\u00e1me si takov\u00fd mal\u00fd experiment, co \u0159\u00edk\u00e1te? Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklad zn\u00ed, \u017ee jak\u00fd v\u00fdznam slovo m\u00e1, jak se v jazyce u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, to n\u00e1m nejl\u00e9pe prozrad\u00ed slova z jeho okol\u00ed, slova, se kter\u00fdmi se \u010dasto poj\u00ed. Tj. funguje to zhruba na principu \u201e\u0158ekni mi, s k\u00fdm se poj\u00ed\u0161, a j\u00e1 ti pov\u00edm, kdo jsi\u201d. Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na slova, se kter\u00fdmi se na\u0161e trojice nej\u010dast\u011bji poj\u00ed v korpusu SYN v12, dojdeme k p\u0159ehledu v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u0159\u00e1dc\u00edch. Tu\u010dn\u011b jsem vyzna\u010dil slova, je\u017e jsou v r\u00e1mci t\u00e9to trojice exkluzivn\u00edmi partnery slova krampus<\/em> (poj\u00ed se pouze s n\u00edm a ne se slovy \u010dert a \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>), o kter\u00e9\u017eto n\u00e1m zde jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010dert<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikul\u00e1\u0161, and\u011bl, K\u00e1\u010da, \u017eert, hr\u00e1tky, poh\u00e1dka, peklo, vodn\u00edk, \u010f\u00e1bel, mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00fd, \u017eenit, k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, malovat, h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00fd, princezna, nad\u00edlka, aneb, zapomenut\u00fd, tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fd, \u010dertice, pekeln\u00fd, \u010darod\u011bjnice, maska, vyznat, \u010dertovsk\u00fd, dlu\u017en\u00fd, vyh\u00fdbat, poh\u00e1dkov\u00fd, Lucifer, vz\u00edt, ze\u010f, stra\u0161it, Uri\u00e1\u0161, v\u00edla, hodn\u00fd, zlobiv\u00fd, bolet, b\u00e1t, Dalskab\u00e1ty, Krampus, and\u00edlek, stra\u0161idlo, Drda, je\u017eibaba, stra\u0161ideln\u00fd, Drd\u016fv, \u0161\u00edt, ves, Jim;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

krampus<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ericius<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Eligor<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>pekeln\u00edk<\/em><\/strong>, \u010dert, \u010dertovsk\u00fd, <\/em>SHOW<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Lucifers<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>rohat\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Show<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>krampus\u00e1k<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Schattenf\u00fcrsten<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Krampas<\/em><\/strong>, \u010derti, <\/em>d\u00e9monick\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Kaplice<\/em><\/strong>, pekeln\u00fd, <\/em>Zemperer<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>antropomorfn\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>\u010dert\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>fire<\/em><\/strong>, stra\u0161ideln\u00fd, <\/em>jihon\u011bmeck\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Dragon<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>alpsk\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>nah\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Ruprecht<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>show<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Bohdal<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Chrom\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>d\u011bsiv\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, stra\u0161idlo, <\/em>Luk\u0161<\/em><\/strong>, zlobiv\u00fd, <\/em>Fire<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>postra\u0161it<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>\u010dert\u00edk<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>pr\u016fvod<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Z\u00e1horovice<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>kaplick\u00fd<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Klimkov\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u011b<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Do\u010desn\u00e1<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>\u0159in\u010det<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Vod\u0148any<\/em><\/strong>, <\/em>Steiner<\/em><\/strong>;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

vym\u00edta\u010d, Prada, rud\u00fd, l\u00edbat, \u010dert, vym\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, upsat, and\u011bl, \u010f\u00e1bel, medv\u011bdovit\u00fd, posedl\u00fd, Jersey, vyh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed, Zelenka, satan, vym\u00edtat, b\u016fh, zrozen\u00ed, d\u00e9mon, tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fd, Eli\u00e1\u0161, Faust, horor, vyh\u00e1n\u011bt, du\u0161e, Poled\u0148\u00e1kov\u00e1, peklo, zaprodat, detail, nosit, kulhav\u00fd, knofl\u00edk\u00e1\u0159, zlo, Zelenk\u016fv, pakt, posednout, spol\u010dit, sv\u00e1d\u011bt, Betzenberg, Meryl, Devils, zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00ed, Toma\u0161t\u00edk, Stavrogin, Nohavica, \u010darod\u011bjnice, \u010cechomor, v\u011bzet, komedie<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A co n\u00e1m tento p\u0159ehled ukazuje? P\u0159edn\u011b: Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina partner\u016f slova krampus<\/em> nen\u00ed partnery slov \u010dert <\/em>a \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>. To je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. O slovu krampus<\/em> to toti\u017e vypov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee se ho v jazyce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jinak ne\u017e zbyl\u00fdch dvou v\u00fdraz\u016f. A to z\u00e1rove\u0148 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ho jazyk pot\u0159ebuje, \u017ee nen\u00ed jen n\u011bjak\u00fdm bezcenn\u00fdm importovan\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edva\u017ekem, kter\u00fd bychom mohli lusknut\u00edm prst\u016f nahradit ji\u017e existuj\u00edc\u00edm dom\u00e1c\u00edm slovem. M\u00e1 v jazyce svou funkci, tud\u00ed\u017e i sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto. \u010cert<\/em> pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ednostn\u011b kontext poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 bytosti (v\u00edla<\/em>, je\u017eibaba<\/em>), mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9 tradice (Mikul\u00e1\u0161<\/em>, and\u011bl<\/em>) a zoologie (tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fd \u010dert<\/em>), zat\u00edmco \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em> je orientovan\u00fd abstraktn\u011bji (upsat<\/em>, zlo<\/em>), n\u00e1bo\u017een\u0161t\u011bji (b\u016fh<\/em>, vym\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em>) s \u010detn\u00fdmi nar\u00e1\u017ekami a kontexty popkulturn\u00edmi (Prada<\/em>, Meryl<\/em> \u2013 film \u010e\u00e1bel nos\u00ed Pradu<\/em> s Meryl Streepovou v jedn\u00e9 z hlavn\u00edch rol\u00ed), sportovn\u00edmi (Devils <\/em>\u2013 \u010e\u00e1blov\u00e9<\/em> jako sou\u010d\u00e1st n\u00e1zv\u016f sportovn\u00edch t\u00fdm\u016f) a jin\u00fdmi (tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fd<\/em> \u2013 op\u011bt \u010f\u00e1bel medv\u011bdovit\u00fd<\/em> jako\u017eto tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fd \u010dert<\/em>). Slovo krampus<\/em> m\u00e1 ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd geografick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edznak (jihon\u011bmeck\u00fd<\/em>, alpsk\u00fd<\/em>), z\u00e1rove\u0148 se potvrzuje i to, co nazna\u010doval u\u017e obrazov\u00fd materi\u00e1l, toti\u017e \u017ee krampus je bytost zl\u00e1, d\u011bsiv\u00e1 (d\u00e9monick\u00fd<\/em>, hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u00fd<\/em>, d\u011bsiv\u00fd<\/em>, hr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u011b, nah\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed <\/em>ve spojen\u00ed hr\u016fzu nah\u00e1n\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed<\/em>). Detailn\u011bji ne\u017e u slova \u010dert<\/em> je v korpusu zachycena \u010dinnost krampus\u016f, v souladu s charakterem bytosti orientovan\u00e1 na vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed strachu nebo jin\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdch pocit\u016f (postra\u0161it \u2013 Krampusov\u00e9 postra\u0161ili \u010ceskou L\u00edpu<\/em>.; \u0159in\u010det <\/em>\u2013 Krampusov\u00e9 \u0159in\u010d\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzy.<\/em>). N\u00e1padn\u00fd je t\u00e9\u017e v\u00fdskyt r\u016fzn\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch jmen, z\u010d\u00e1sti dom\u00e1c\u00edch, z\u010d\u00e1sti odkazuj\u00edc\u00edch k ciz\u00edmu p\u016fvodu slova (Eligor<\/em>, Ruprecht<\/em>, Z\u00e1horovice, Klimkov\u00e1<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale i kdyby se slovo krampus<\/em> \u010dist\u011b teoreticky pou\u017e\u00edvalo (skoro) \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u011b jako \u010dert<\/em>, \u010f\u00e1bel<\/em>, rarach <\/em>aj., neznamenalo by to, \u017ee by n\u00e1m k ni\u010demu nebylo. \u010cesk\u00e1 slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 svou bohatost\u00ed, stylistickou rozr\u016fzn\u011bnost\u00ed a schopnost\u00ed a\u017e filigr\u00e1nsk\u00fdch nuanc\u00ed, ke kter\u00e9 se dopracovala mj. t\u00edm, \u017ee do sebe b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje um\u011bla za\u010dlenit ciz\u00ed prvky a vyu\u017e\u00edt je ke sv\u00e9mu prosp\u011bchu. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jej\u00edho \u201evozov\u00e9ho parku\u201d o dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamov\u011b (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159) stejnou lexik\u00e1ln\u00ed polo\u017eku by j\u00ed ani v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nijak neubl\u00ed\u017eilo, sp\u00ed\u0161 by j\u00ed poskytlo je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor pro pot\u0159eby stylistick\u00e9 variace, nap\u0159. v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti neopakovat n\u011bjak\u00e9 slovo v proudu textu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odhl\u00e9dneme-li od v\u00fdznamu a kontextu\u00e1ln\u00edho zapojen\u00ed slova krampus<\/em>, zaujmou n\u00e1s na n\u011bm je\u0161t\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 minim\u00e1ln\u011b dv\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bci: Pom\u011brn\u011b rozkol\u00edsan\u00e9 tvary a ne \u00fapln\u011b ust\u00e1len\u00e9 psan\u00ed mal\u00e9ho vs. velk\u00e9ho p\u00edsmene. Vezm\u011bme to popo\u0159ad\u011b. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krampus<\/em> se sklo\u0148uje jak podle vzoru \u201ep\u00e1n\u201d (komu \u010demu \u2013 krampusovi<\/em>, krampusu<\/em>), tak podle vzoru \u201emu\u017e\u201d (komu \u010demu \u2013 krampusi<\/em>). S variantnost\u00ed se pak nav\u00edc setk\u00e1v\u00e1me i v jednom z deklina\u010dn\u00edch vzor\u016f (viz v\u00fd\u0161e \u2013 krampusovi<\/em> i krampusu<\/em>). Nen\u00ed to \u00fapln\u011b neobvykl\u00e1 v\u011bc. Za\u010dlen\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9ho slova je mnohdy postupn\u00e9. N\u011bjakou dobu vedle sebe existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 varianty pravopisn\u00e9, morfologick\u00e9, v\u00fdslovnostn\u00ed ap. Budoucnost je p\u0159itom otev\u0159en\u00e1. \u010casem m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k odbour\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to variantnosti, jako se to stalo u slova dikobraz<\/em>. To se p\u016fvodn\u011b vyslovovalo jako [\u010f\u026akobras] i [d\u026akobras], dnes ji\u017e jen jako [d\u026akobras].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud jde o pravopis, tak ASS\u010c i Internetov\u00e1 jazykov\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka<\/a><\/em> (d\u00e1le jen IJP) uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed pouze podobu s mal\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm p\u00edsmenem, a\u010dkoli v autentick\u00fdch textech nez\u0159\u00eddka naraz\u00edme i na psan\u00ed s velk\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm p\u00edsmenem. To by d\u00e1valo smysl tehdy, pokud by krampus<\/em> bylo tak\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no. To by pak \u0161lo o analogickou dvojici k p\u00e1ru Lucifer<\/em> (vlastn\u00ed jm\u00e9no vl\u00e1dce pekla) a lucifer<\/em> (\u010dert, v podstat\u011b kter\u00fdkoli). Takovou interpretaci v\u0161ak z text\u016f nelze nijak p\u0159\u00edmo\u010da\u0159e vy\u010d\u00edst. Pomohla by n\u00e1m znalost p\u016fvodu tohoto slova? Teoreticky ano. Jen\u017ee etymologie je pon\u011bkud nejasn\u00e1. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 slovn\u00edky ji bu\u010f neuv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u016fbec, nebo p\u0159izn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee i odborn\u00edci a odbornice ohledn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu a etymologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkladu slova t\u00e1pou. Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je pohled i do jin\u00fdch ne\u017e n\u011bmeckojazy\u010dn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f, nap\u0159. do Oxford English Dictionary<\/a><\/em>, kter\u00fd tyto slovo uv\u00e1d\u00ed s velk\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm p\u00edsmenem a sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed jeho definice je i slovo name<\/em> (\u201ajm\u00e9no\u2018): \u201ein the folklore of some central (esp. Alpine) and eastern European regions: (the name of) a frightening spirit associated with the Christmas season\u201d \/ \u201ev lidov\u00e9m pod\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch (zejm\u00e9na alpsk\u00fdch) a v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed: d\u011bsiv\u00fd duch spojen\u00fd s v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00edm, jeho jm\u00e9no\u201d. (p\u0159ekl. M. \u0160.) Interpretaci p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed i u\u017eit\u00ed jako vlastn\u00edho jm\u00e9na podporuje jednak existence synonym v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b, kter\u00e1 jsou jednozna\u010dn\u011b vlastn\u00edmi jm\u00e9ny (Knecht Ruprecht<\/em> a B\u00e4rtli \/ Bartl<\/em>), jednak doklady na spojen\u00ed se slovy jako jm\u00e9no<\/em> nebo jmenovat se <\/em>v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jm\u00e9no Krampus vzniklo z rakousk\u00e9ho Krampas \u2013 n\u011bco ne\u017eiv\u00e9ho.<\/em> (SYN v12) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jin\u00e1 situace je v Alp\u00e1ch, kde se b\u011bhem mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9ho h\u00fd\u0159en\u00ed potk\u00e1te se stvo\u0159en\u00edm, kter\u00e9 by d\u00edt\u011b vyd\u011bsilo k smrti a dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho k mdlob\u00e1m. Jmenuje se Krampus neboli Alpsk\u00fd \u010dert a v\u011b\u0159te mi, ten n\u00e1\u0161 je mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed.<\/em> (SYN v12)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro tento okam\u017eik navrhuji: Pi\u0161me krampus<\/em> zat\u00edm s mal\u00fdm po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm p\u00edsmenem v souladu s ASS\u010c a IJP. Smi\u0159me se v\u0161ak s t\u00edm, \u017ee se kodifikace m\u016f\u017ee v budoucnosti na z\u00e1klad\u011b dal\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdvoje slova t\u0159eba zm\u011bnit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kr\u00e1tce se zmi\u0148me je\u0161t\u011b o slovech krampusov\u00fd<\/em>, krampus\u00e1k<\/em>, krampusa\u010dka a<\/em> krampus\u00e1ck\u00fd<\/em>. P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no krampusov\u00fd<\/em> ve v\u00fdznamu \u201avztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se ke krampusovi\u2018 vzniklo a\u017e v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b (n\u011bm\u010dina ekvivalentn\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no nem\u00e1), a to p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpony -ov\u00fd<\/em>. Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, tj. p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpony, vznikla od slova krampus<\/em> slova krampus\u00e1k<\/em> (synonymn\u00ed s krampus<\/em>, p\u0159\u00edpona -\u00e1k<\/em>) a p\u0159ech\u00fdlenina krampusa\u010dka <\/em>(p\u0159\u00edpona -ka<\/em>). Od slova krampus\u00e1k<\/em> bylo op\u011bt p\u0159\u00edponou odvozeno p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no krampus\u00e1ck\u00fd <\/em>(\u201avztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se ke krampus\u00e1kovi\u2018, p\u0159\u00edpona -\u00e1ck\u00fd<\/em>).<\/em> P\u0159\u00edklady u\u017eit\u00ed p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na krampusov\u00fd<\/em> najdete ve slovn\u00edkov\u00e9m hesle v\u00fd\u0161e. P\u0159\u00edklady na krampus\u00e1k<\/em>, krampusa\u010dka<\/em> a krampus\u00e1ck\u00fd<\/em> jsem pro v\u00e1s na\u0161el v korpusu a na internetu: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krampus\u00e1ci se budou pohybovat mezi 15. a 16. hodinou na V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a pot\u00e9 se p\u0159esunou na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed Starom\u011bstsk\u00e9, kde budou stra\u0161it a\u017e do 21. hodiny. <\/em>(SYN v12)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eBabi, pod\u00edvej, j\u00e1 vypad\u00e1m jak krampusa\u010dka\u2026\u201d \u201eCo\u017ee?\u201d pt\u00e1m se Emy a jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00e1 o tom, \u017ee jsem se p\u0159eslechla. \u201eNo krampusa\u010dka, pod\u00edvej!\u201d <\/em>(Google, 18. 11. 2025) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krampus\u00e1ck\u00fd lauf v obci teplick\u00e9ho okresu nastal po setm\u011bn\u00ed, kdy\u017e se lidmi zaplnilo fotbalov\u00e9 h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b. Do uli\u010dky mezi n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky vypustil pekeln\u00edky moder\u00e1tor ve\u010dera Petr Stola\u0159. <\/em>(SYN v12) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A co n\u00e1m \u201ep\u0159\u00edpad\u201d krampus<\/em> o neologismech a v\u016fbec o jazyce jako takov\u00e9m vlastn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1? Existuje pouze velmi m\u00e1lo opravdu zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch slov. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mnoha neologism\u016f nejde jen o pom\u00edjivou m\u00f3du, nebo\u0165 v dan\u00e9m okam\u017eiku zpravidla maj\u00ed n\u011bjakou specifickou funkci, by\u0165 ta nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt patrn\u00e1 hned na prvn\u00ed pohled. \u010ce\u0161tina p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1 nov\u00e1 slova i z dal\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f, nikoli jen z angli\u010dtiny. S ciz\u00edmi slovy p\u0159itom nezach\u00e1z\u00ed \u010dist\u011b pasivn\u011b, ale d\u00e1le s nimi kreativn\u011b pracuje. Na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e1 slova, a dosv\u011bd\u010duje tak svou vitalitu a tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mil\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ky, mil\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, asi se shodneme, \u017ee jednou z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch postav \u010desk\u00e9 kultury je \u010dert. Vzpome\u0148me nejen na poh\u00e1dky a podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, ale i t\u0159eba na roli, kterou hraje p\u0159i mikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9 nad\u00edlce: \u010cert symbolizuje hrozbu pro zlobiv\u00e9 d\u011bti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jeho \u00falohou je takov\u00e9 d\u011bti stra\u0161it. Akademick\u00fd slovn\u00edk sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tiny (d\u00e1le jen ASS\u010c) \u010derta definuje … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu Zpr\u00e1va o stavu \u010dert\u016f v \u010cech\u00e1ch, na Morav\u011b a ve Slezsku s d\u016frazem na krampusy<\/i>, krampus\u00e1ky<\/i> a krampusa\u010dky<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[205,204,206,78,207,50],"class_list":["post-1155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktuality","tag-etymologie","tag-krampus","tag-pravopis","tag-slovotvorba","tag-tvaroslovi","tag-vyznam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1155"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1169,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1155\/revisions\/1169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}