{"id":743,"date":"2022-08-12T09:00:13","date_gmt":"2022-08-12T08:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/?p=743"},"modified":"2023-03-12T10:21:50","modified_gmt":"2023-03-12T09:21:50","slug":"digitalni-dezinfluencer-siri-fejk-njus-na-dezinfowebu-aneb-kdyz-dezinformace-hybou-svetem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/2022\/08\/12\/digitalni-dezinfluencer-siri-fejk-njus-na-dezinfowebu-aneb-kdyz-dezinformace-hybou-svetem\/","title":{"rendered":"Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dezinfluencer \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed fejk \u0148j\u016fs na dezinfowebu aneb Kdy\u017e (dez)informace h\u00fdbou sv\u011btem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Informace b\u00fdv\u00e1 v \u017eurnalistice synonymem pro stru\u010dnou zpr\u00e1vu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta o ur\u010dit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, skute\u010dnosti, jevu apod. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se od n\u00ed, \u017ee bude aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, spole\u010densky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 a tak\u00e9 spolehliv\u00e1. V dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed informace sv\u00e9ho druhu sv\u00e9bytn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011bn\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti d\u00e1v\u00e1 bohu\u017eel nez\u0159\u00eddka i skv\u011blou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed, tedy zpr\u00e1v nepodlo\u017een\u00fdch, neov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch, nepravdiv\u00fdch. Pro l\u017eivou, zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed informaci se v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b v posledn\u00edch letech zabydlel v\u00fdraz p\u0159ejat\u00fd z angli\u010dtiny \u2013 fake news <\/i>(\u010desky doslovn\u011b ,fale\u0161n\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va\u02bb). Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt tohoto spojen\u00ed podle korpusov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu \u00dastavu \u010cesk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho korpusu poch\u00e1z\u00ed z roku 2006. Od roku 2017 lze sledovat n\u00e1r\u016fst po\u010dtu doklad\u016f s t\u00edmto v\u00fdrazem (2017 \u2013 388; 2018 \u2013 874; 2019 \u2013 647 z\u00e1znam\u016f v SYN v9), zat\u00edmco do t\u00e9 doby to byly jen jednotky doklad\u016f. Vedle t\u00e9to p\u0159ejat\u00e9 podoby je mo\u017en\u00e9 sem tam zaregistrovat prozat\u00edm jen velice nesm\u011ble se prosazuj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010de\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9 varianty: fejk\u0148\u016fz<\/i> (jedenkr\u00e1t dolo\u017eena v excerp\u010dn\u00ed datab\u00e1zi Neomat OSLL \u00daJ\u010c a dvakr\u00e1t v\u00a0korpusu SYN v9 \u00da\u010cNK), fejk \u0148j\u016fs <\/i>(jeden v\u00fdskyt v Neomatu), anebo fejk\u0148j\u00fas<\/i> (jedinkr\u00e1t v SYN v9). Teprve \u010das uk\u00e1\u017ee, nakolik se i ony stanou skute\u010dn\u011b perspektivn\u00edmi lexik\u00e1ln\u00edmi jednotkami jazyka.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b na z\u00e1klad\u011b slova fake<\/i> vznikaj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 v\u00fdrazy: \u0161i\u0159itele l\u017eiv\u00e9 informace ozna\u010d\u00edme za fejka\u0159e<\/i>, je-li to \u017eena, pak za fejka\u0159ku<\/i>; krom\u011b toho tu m\u00e1me slovesa \u2013 nedokonav\u00e9 fejkovat<\/i> (,lh\u00e1t, podv\u00e1d\u011bt, n\u011bco jen p\u0159edst\u00edrat\u02bb) nebo dokonav\u00e9 ofejkovat <\/i>(,vytvo\u0159it plagi\u00e1t n\u011b\u010deho, pad\u011blat, zfal\u0161ovat, ud\u011blat n\u011bco jen naoko\u02bb \u2013 mohli bychom \u0159\u00edct tak\u00e9 ,nafilmovat, nafingovat\u02bb). V \u00fazu se objevuje i\u00a0podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no fejkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i> (,pad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, fal\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159edst\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho\u02bb), a tak se vedle <\/span>fejkov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i><\/span> zn\u00e1m\u00fdch m\u00f3dn\u00edch zna\u010dek m\u016f\u017eeme setkat t\u0159eba s <\/span>fejkov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/i><\/span> hodnot emis\u00ed v automobilech nebo s <\/span>fejkov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/i><\/span> pozitivn\u00edch test\u016f na covid-19. Pokud je n\u011bco fejknut\u00e9<\/i>, <\/i>znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee je to ,zfal\u0161ovan\u00e9, podvr\u017een\u00e9, podvodn\u011b napodoben\u00e9, neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 to skute\u010dnosti apod.\u02bb: fejknut\u00fd <\/i>podpis, fejknut\u00e1 <\/i>informace, fejknut\u00e9 <\/i>zbo\u017e\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

O lidov\u00e9 tvo\u0159ivosti sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u00e1 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed osob souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s\u00a0\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm (dez)informac\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zat\u00edm nezachycuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z v\u00fdkladov\u00fdch slovn\u00edk\u016f; n\u011bkter\u00e1 z nich dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 datab\u00e1ze Neomat, jin\u00e1 uv\u00e1d\u00ed internetov\u00fd slovn\u00edk \u010ce\u0161tina 2.0: dezinfluencer<\/i> \u2013 ,influencer, kter\u00fd zahlcuje svou c\u00edlovou skupinu dezinformacemi\u02bb; infoaktivista<\/i> \u2013 ,\u010dlov\u011bk bojuj\u00edc\u00ed za publikov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m z\u00e1jmu\u02bb; pravdoser <\/i>\u2013 ,\u010dlov\u011bk hl\u00e1saj\u00edc\u00ed zaru\u010den\u00e9 pravdy a odli\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1zory ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed za dezinformace\u02bb; rudebil \u2013 <\/i>,\u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed rusk\u00e9 dezinformace\u02bb; kyberchondr<\/i> \u2013 ,\u010dlov\u011bk nadm\u011brn\u011b vyhled\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed na internetu informace o zdrav\u00ed, na jejich\u017e podklad\u011b si pak s\u00e1m diagnostikuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 nemoci\u02bb. Existuje je\u0161t\u011b i jin\u00fd v\u00fdraz \u2013 opinion leader \u2013 <\/i>ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed ,v\u016fd\u010d\u00ed osobu schopnou shrom\u00e1\u017edit, ut\u0159\u00eddit a\u00a0p\u0159edat sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed informace, kter\u00e9 by jej mohly zaj\u00edmat\u02bb. Prvn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt tohoto slova v datab\u00e1zi Neomat je z roku 1999 a pot\u00e9 ho registruje i speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slovn\u00edk Nov\u00e1 slova v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b. Slovn\u00edk neologizm\u016f 2 (Academia 2004) s v\u00fdkladem: ,osoba maj\u00edc\u00ed jako neform\u00e1ln\u00ed, p\u0159irozen\u00e1 autorita schopnost (z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b i nez\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b) ovliv\u0148ovat postoje a chov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch\u02bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vra\u0165me se je\u0161t\u011b k samotn\u00e9mu slovu dezinfo<\/i>, kter\u00e9 v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tin\u011b jednak funguje jako podstatn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no a ozna\u010duje <\/i>,nepravdivou, zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed, z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zkreslenou informaci\u02bb neboli ,dezinformaci, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je ovlivnit ur\u010ditou skupinu lid\u00ed nebo celou populaci\u02bb (Byl mluv\u010d\u00edm prezidenta, te\u010f \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed <\/i><\/span>dezinfo<\/i><\/span>.), jednak pln\u00ed funkci nesklonn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na (je tak vlastn\u011b synonymem ke slovu dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed<\/i>). Najdeme ho nap\u0159\u00edklad ve spojen\u00edch dezinfo sc\u00e9na<\/i>, dezinfo web<\/i>, dezinfo text <\/i>aj. \u010ce\u0161tina v takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed dvoj\u00ed pravopis, tzn., \u017ee jednotliv\u00e1 slova v uveden\u00fdch souslov\u00edch se mohou ps\u00e1t zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 i dohromady, pak vznik\u00e1 jedno slo\u017een\u00e9 slovo: dezinfoweb<\/i> \u2013 dezinforma\u010dn\u00ed web apod.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ve snaze udr\u017eet si dostate\u010dnou sledovanost za\u0159azuj\u00ed mnohdy i seri\u00f3zn\u00ed m\u00e9dia zpravodajsk\u00e9 relace, v nich\u017e zaj\u00edmavost, atraktivita pro publikum vytla\u010duje u\u017eite\u010dnost prezentovan\u00e9 informace. Mluv\u00edme o tzv. infotainmentu<\/i>, pojmu, kter\u00fd vznikl v USA v 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed, u n\u00e1s se za\u010dal postupn\u011b prosazovat na po\u010d\u00e1tku 90. let (sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom prvn\u00ed doklady v korpusu SYNv9 z let 1992-1995). Slovo je do \u010de\u0161tiny tedy p\u0159ejato z angli\u010dtiny, kde bylo utvo\u0159eno z \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slov info<\/i><\/b>rmation<\/i> (,informace\u02bb) a enter<\/i>tainment<\/i><\/b> <\/i>(,z\u00e1bava\u02bb), zachycuje ho ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Slovn\u00edk neologizm\u016f 2 (ve v\u00fdznamu ,spojen\u00ed, propojen\u00ed informac\u00ed a z\u00e1bavy; infoz\u00e1bava\u02bb). V souvislosti s dezinformacemi se n\u011bkdy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jeho obm\u011bna \u2013 dezinfotainment<\/i> (,zpravodajstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 volbu t\u00e9mat a formu jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pod\u0159izuje snaze manipulovat s postoji ve\u0159ejnosti, vyvol\u00e1vat emoce a z\u00e1rove\u0148 bavit a p\u0159itahovat pozornost\u02bb).<\/span><\/p>\n

Snadno se m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t, \u017ee jsme p\u0159\u00edvalem informac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 k n\u00e1m ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostoru proud\u00ed ze v\u0161ech stran, doslova p\u0159ehlceni, obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b se v nich orientujeme, nen\u00ed pro n\u00e1s pr\u00e1v\u011b jednoduch\u00e9 vyd\u00fdchat tento informa\u010dn\u00ed smog<\/i>. \u0160\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed informac\u00ed o ur\u010dit\u00e9m pal\u010div\u00e9m probl\u00e9mu, jevu m\u016f\u017ee vy\u00fastit do infodemie<\/i> (slo\u017een\u00e9 slovo vznikl\u00e9 kombinac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slov ,informace\u02bb a\u00a0,epidemie\u02bb) nebo, pokud v t\u00e9 z\u00e1plav\u011b informac\u00ed p\u0159estaneme rozli\u0161ovat mezi informacemi pravdiv\u00fdmi a fale\u0161n\u00fdmi, dokonce a\u017e do infokalypsy <\/i>(slo\u017eenina ze slov ,informace\u02bb a ,apokalypsa\u02bb).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 odborn\u00e9, \u00fazce specializovan\u00e9 informace se daj\u00ed v dne\u0161n\u00edm globalizovan\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b docela dob\u0159e zpen\u011b\u017eit, ostatn\u011b jako v\u0161echno \u2013 pust\u00edme-li se t\u0159eba do infopodnik\u00e1n\u00ed<\/i> (,prodej informac\u00ed z ur\u010dit\u00e9ho oboru\u02bb), mus\u00edme si jen d\u00e1t pozor, aby p\u0159i jejich n\u00e1kupu\/prodeji nenastala informa\u010dn\u00ed asymetrie<\/i> (,situace, kdy m\u00e1 jedna strana (kupuj\u00edc\u00ed) mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b informac\u00ed ne\u017e ta druh\u00e1 (prod\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed)\u02bb).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e9ma z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a nakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s informacemi je opravdu t\u0159askav\u00e9, ve spojitosti s\u00a0nimi \u010dasto sl\u00fdch\u00e1me o informa\u010dn\u00ed explozi <\/i>(,rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst publikovan\u00fdch informac\u00ed spojen\u00fd s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm zahlcen\u00edm t\u011bmito informacemi a nesnadnost\u00ed se v\u00a0nich zorientovat\u02bb), o informa\u010dn\u00edm zbrojen\u00ed <\/i>nebo informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lce <\/i>(,snaha zni\u010dit, zneu\u017e\u00edt informace protivn\u00edka s vyu\u017eit\u00edm modern\u00edch technologick\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed\u02bb), o\u00a0informa\u010dn\u00edm terorismu <\/i>(,terorismus konan\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm modern\u00edch informa\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f\u02bb) <\/i>\u010di digit\u00e1ln\u00edm terorismu <\/i>(,\u00famysln\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed klamav\u00fdch dokument\u016f a dezinformac\u00ed vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch strach, nen\u00e1vist, n\u00e1silnosti jedinc\u016f ve spole\u010dnosti apod. prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edch technologi\u00ed\u02bb).<\/span><\/p>\n

Zkr\u00e1tka a\u0165 si to chceme p\u0159iznat, \u010di nikoli, \u017eijeme v postfaktick\u00e9 dob\u011b <\/i>(z anglick\u00e9ho post-fact, resp. post-factual), v n\u00ed\u017e skute\u010dn\u00e1 fakta pomalu, ale jist\u011b p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed hr\u00e1t podstatnou roli, lid\u00e9 rad\u011bji p\u0159ijmou argumenty zalo\u017een\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161 na emoc\u00edch a\u00a0pocitech ne\u017e na logick\u00fdch zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edch. Dost\u00e1v\u00e1me se tak do stavu, kdy snahy nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch informa\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f<\/i> p\u016fsobit na lidsk\u00e9 emoce a nositele p\u0159edsudk\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed n\u00e1zory ve\u0159ejnosti daleko v\u00fdrazn\u011bji ne\u017e objektivn\u00ed, spolehliv\u00e1, podlo\u017een\u00e1 fakta ze seri\u00f3zn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Lid\u00e9 pak i nev\u011bdomky akceptuj\u00ed \u010dasto neov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9, l\u017eiv\u00e9 nebo protich\u016fdn\u00e9 informace nejasn\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Informace b\u00fdv\u00e1 v \u017eurnalistice synonymem pro stru\u010dnou zpr\u00e1vu p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed fakta o ur\u010dit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, skute\u010dnosti, jevu apod. O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se od n\u00ed, \u017ee bude aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed, spole\u010densky d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 a tak\u00e9 spolehliv\u00e1. V dne\u0161n\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed informace sv\u00e9ho druhu sv\u00e9bytn\u00fd fenom\u00e9n. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011bn\u00ed ve spole\u010dnosti d\u00e1v\u00e1 bohu\u017eel nez\u0159\u00eddka i skv\u011blou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed dezinformac\u00ed, tedy zpr\u00e1v nepodlo\u017een\u00fdch, neov\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch, … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dezinfluencer \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed fejk \u0148j\u016fs na dezinfowebu aneb Kdy\u017e (dez)informace h\u00fdbou sv\u011btem<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[36,106,143],"class_list":["post-743","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktuality","tag-anglicismus","tag-neologismus","tag-okazionalismus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/743","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=743"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/743\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":910,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/743\/revisions\/910"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=743"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=743"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=743"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}