Bez slov p\u0159evzat\u00fdch z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny nebo podle angli\u010dtiny vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch si sou\u010dasnou \u010de\u0161tinu snad ani nelze p\u0159edstavit. Ne \u017ee by se to v\u0161em mluv\u010d\u00edm zamlouvalo, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed expresivn\u00ed spojen\u00ed jako \u201eprzn\u011bn\u00ed jazyka\u201c \u010di \u201eka\u017een\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny\u201c. Na druhou stranu u n\u00e1s spole\u010densk\u00e9 klima nenahr\u00e1v\u00e1 vzniku komit\u00e9t\u016f, kter\u00e9 by seri\u00f3zn\u011b vyhled\u00e1valy, p\u0159\u00edp. vytv\u00e1\u0159ely dom\u00e1c\u00ed ekvivalenty k\u00a0p\u0159ej\u00edmk\u00e1m z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny, jak to d\u011bl\u00e1 nap\u0159\u00edklad galsk\u00e1 Komise pro obohacov\u00e1n\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n
Anglicismy si cestu do na\u0161\u00ed mate\u0159\u0161tiny st\u00e1le nach\u00e1zej\u00ed a nach\u00e1zet budou, i kdy\u017e ne v\u0161echny v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b p\u0159etrvaj\u00ed. Zda se pro ozna\u010den\u00ed nov\u00e9ho jevu konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed uchyt\u00ed, lze progn\u00f3zovat jen omezen\u011b. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9 na tom, zda se d\u00e1 v\u00fdraz neproblematicky vyslovit, resp. napsat, zda se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u011b frekventovan\u011b, a to r\u016fzn\u00fdmi mluv\u010d\u00edmi v\u00a0rozmanit\u00fdch situac\u00edch, zda se na jeho z\u00e1klad\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed slova, a v\u00a0neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b na tom, zda p\u0159etrv\u00e1 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed v\u011bc nebo jev, kter\u00e9 dan\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed ozna\u010duje.<\/p>\n
Pod\u00edvejme se na n\u011bkolik typov\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch anglicism\u016f, kter\u00e9 (zat\u00edm) \u010desk\u00e9 v\u00fdkladov\u00e9 slovn\u00edky neobsahuj\u00ed. P\u0159ej\u00edmky z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny, kter\u00e9 vpluj\u00ed do \u010de\u0161tiny p\u0159irozen\u011b, snadno se za\u010dlen\u00ed do syst\u00e9mu sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a dob\u0159e se vyslovuj\u00ed, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad slovo dron<\/em>, \u010desk\u00e9 mluv\u010d\u00ed zpravidla nijak nepopuzuj\u00ed. Pak jsou ale v\u00fdrazy jako wearables<\/strong><\/em>. \u010cech \u010dasto poci\u0165uje nejistotu, jak toto slovo vyslovit. V\u00a0angli\u010dtin\u011b se vyslovuje [\u02c8we\u0259r\u0259b(\u0259)lz], v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b lze sly\u0161et [v\u00e9rebls] nebo [verebls]. Na\u0161inec se mus\u00ed zpravidla i dost soust\u0159edit, aby neud\u011blal chybu p\u0159i psan\u00ed slova. Kone\u010dn\u011b ani nesklonnost v\u00fdrazu nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b praktick\u00e1. Je tedy t\u0159eba hledat vhodnou alternativu: wearables<\/em> b\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1no souslov\u00edm nositeln\u00e1 elektronika<\/em>. Nev\u00fdhodou je jeho dvojslovnost, ale snadno p\u0159\u00edmo z\u00a0pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed odvod\u00edme v\u00fdznam \u2013 jde o\u00a0elektronick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st oble\u010den\u00ed nebo dopl\u0148k\u016f. K\u00a0nositeln\u00e9 elektronice pat\u0159\u00ed dnes ji\u017e relativn\u011b b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 chytr\u00e9 hodinky nebo sportovn\u00ed n\u00e1ramky. Net\u0159eba si p\u0159edstavovat jen sportovn\u00ed design, mezi wearables<\/em> najdete i elegantn\u00ed n\u00e1hrdeln\u00edk se zabudovan\u00fdm krokom\u011brem nebo prsten upozor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed e-mail. Brzy n\u00e1s p\u0159estanou p\u0159ekvapovat kabelky, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edj\u00ed telefon, \u010di tri\u010dka, co m\u011b\u0159\u00ed tep. \u201eVerebl\u016fm\u201c pat\u0159\u00ed budoucnost!<\/p>\n Tak\u00e9 slovo spoiler<\/strong> <\/em>p\u0159i\u0161lo do \u010de\u0161tiny z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny. Zn\u00e1me je v\u00a0motoristick\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu ,\u0161t\u00edt na karoseri\u00edch vozidel\u2018, n\u011bkdo mo\u017en\u00e1 i v\u00a0leteck\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu ,ru\u0161i\u010d vztlaku\u2018. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159i popkulturn\u00edch recenz\u00ed ale dob\u0159e znaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed, nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam: ,popis d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti filmu nebo knihy, kter\u00fd ochuzuje nov\u00e9 konzumenty o\u00a0p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed, a t\u00edm i o\u00a0po\u017eitek z\u00a0d\u00edla\u2018. Slu\u0161n\u00fd recenzent \u010di kamar\u00e1d l\u00ed\u010d\u00ed zhl\u00e9dnut\u00fd film nebo p\u0159e\u010dtenou knihu bu\u010f bez spoiler\u016f, nebo p\u0159ed nimi p\u0159edem varuje. Takov\u00ed v\u0161ak nejsou v\u0161ichni. Kdy\u017e n\u00e1m n\u011bkdo, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b n\u011bco z\u00e1pletku p\u0159ece jen prozrad\u00ed, jak potom pojmenujeme jeho \u010dinnost? V\u00a0internetov\u00fdch dokladech nal\u00e9z\u00e1me slovesa spoilerovat<\/em> a spoilovat<\/em> (podobn\u011b tvo\u0159en\u00e1 je dvojice sloves mana\u017eerovat<\/em> \u2013 mana\u017eovat<\/em>). Pod\u00edvejme se na p\u0159\u00edklady u\u017eit\u00ed: Pro\u010d m\u00e1 trailer skoro t\u0159i minuty a spoileruje tolik d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch sc\u00e9n?<\/em> \u2013 Nechci v\u00edce spoilovat, byla by \u0161koda n\u011bkomu kazit p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed<\/em>. Slovesa jsou uvedena v\u00a0po\u0159ad\u00ed podle \u010detnosti \u2013 ve webov\u00e9m korpusu Araneum Bohemicum Maximum je frekventovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sloveso spoilerovat<\/em> dolo\u017eeno 241kr\u00e1t, zat\u00edmco \u0159id\u0161\u00ed spoilovat<\/em> 106kr\u00e1t. Dodejme, \u017ee ve spisovn\u00e9m projevu tyto v\u00fdrazy doma nejsou.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00eddavn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no toxick\u00fd<\/strong> <\/em>p\u016fvodn\u011b vzniklo z\u00a0\u0159eck\u00e9ho toxik\u00f3n<\/em> ,jed na \u0161\u00edpy\u2018. Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s\u00a0n\u00edm ve spojen\u00ed se slovy jako l\u00e1tka<\/em>, zplodina<\/em>, odpad<\/em> nebo t\u0159eba sinice<\/em>. V\u00a0P\u0159\u00edru\u010dn\u00edm slovn\u00edku jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho je v\u00fdraz toxick\u00fd<\/em> vysv\u011btlen pomoc\u00ed synonym ,jedovat\u00fd, otravn\u00fd\u2018 a jeho u\u017eit\u00ed je ilustrov\u00e1no p\u0159\u00edkladem: Toxick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky alkoholu jsou mnohem mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jeho \u00fa\u010dinky blahod\u00e1rn\u00e9<\/em>. V\u00a0posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se v\u0161ak v\u00fdraz vlivem angli\u010dtiny objevuje i v\u00a0d\u0159\u00edve nezvykl\u00fdch kontextech, nap\u0159. Jejich man\u017eelstv\u00ed se b\u011bhem let prom\u011bnilo v\u00a0pon\u011bkud toxick\u00fd vztah<\/em> nebo Dovedu se efektivn\u011b zbavovat toxick\u00fdch lid\u00ed, on\u011bch vysava\u010d\u016f energie<\/em>. Tento nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, metaforick\u00fd v\u00fdznam slova toxick\u00fd<\/em> m\u016f\u017eeme vylo\u017eit pomoc\u00ed synonym jako ,velmi nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd, nesnesiteln\u00fd, \u0161patn\u00fd, \u0161kodliv\u00fd\u2018. Slovn\u00ed spojen\u00ed toxick\u00e1 maskulinita<\/em> a toxick\u00e1 femininita<\/em> se vztahuj\u00ed k\u00a0nevhodn\u00e9mu \u010di nev\u00fdhodn\u00e9mu prototypick\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een. Spole\u010dnost Oxford Dictionaries dokonce zvolila adjektivum toxic<\/em> slovem roku 2018.<\/p>\n A z\u00e1v\u011brem se zmi\u0148me o\u00a0okazion\u00e1ln\u00edm slovesu glamorizovat<\/strong><\/em>. To se objevilo v \u010dl\u00e1nku \u2013 i v\u00a0jeho titulku \u2013 na port\u00e1lu iDnes v\u00a0roce 2019. Bylo v\u00a0n\u011bm reprodukov\u00e1no vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9 tren\u00e9rky Jillian Michaelsov\u00e9, podle n\u00ed\u017e by se tlou\u0161\u0165ka nem\u011bla<\/em> glamorizovat<\/em>. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159i se v\u00a0diskusi pod \u010dl\u00e1nkem podivovali, co \u017ee by se to s\u00a0tlou\u0161\u0165kou vlastn\u011b nem\u011blo d\u011blat, a komentovali, \u017ee glamorizovat<\/em> je divn\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edp. neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed slovo. Anglick\u00e9 sloveso glamorize<\/em> (ps\u00e1no t\u00e9\u017e glamourize<\/em>, glamorise<\/em>, glamourise)<\/em> se toti\u017e obvykle p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako ,p\u0159ikr\u00e1\u0161lovat\u2018 nebo ,idealizovat\u2018. Sloveso glamorizovat<\/em> bylo d\u00e1le pou\u017eito jen v\u00a0hrstce dal\u0161\u00edch doklad\u016f: z\u00e1\u0159nou budoucnost mu tak prorokovat nelze.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bez slov p\u0159evzat\u00fdch z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny nebo podle angli\u010dtiny vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch si sou\u010dasnou \u010de\u0161tinu snad ani nelze p\u0159edstavit. Ne \u017ee by se to v\u0161em mluv\u010d\u00edm zamlouvalo, n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9to souvislosti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed expresivn\u00ed spojen\u00ed jako \u201eprzn\u011bn\u00ed jazyka\u201c \u010di \u201eka\u017een\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny\u201c. Na druhou stranu u n\u00e1s spole\u010densk\u00e9 klima nenahr\u00e1v\u00e1 vzniku komit\u00e9t\u016f, kter\u00e9 by seri\u00f3zn\u011b vyhled\u00e1valy, p\u0159\u00edp. vytv\u00e1\u0159ely dom\u00e1c\u00ed ekvivalenty k\u00a0p\u0159ej\u00edmk\u00e1m z\u00a0angli\u010dtiny, … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu Wearables, spoiler, toxick\u00fd, glamorizovat aneb Op\u011bt ty anglicismy<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[36,126,169,43],"class_list":["post-821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktuality","tag-anglicismus","tag-neosemantismus","tag-vyslovnost","tag-zivotni-styl"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=821"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":887,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/821\/revisions\/887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}