{"id":826,"date":"2023-02-23T09:22:51","date_gmt":"2023-02-23T08:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/?p=826"},"modified":"2023-02-23T12:07:17","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T11:07:17","slug":"ty-shite-i-vyjebena-duse-zperdena-o-nadavkach-novejsich-i-starsich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/2023\/02\/23\/ty-shite-i-vyjebena-duse-zperdena-o-nadavkach-novejsich-i-starsich\/","title":{"rendered":"O nad\u00e1vk\u00e1ch nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch i star\u0161\u00edch: „Ty shite“ nebo „Vyjeben\u00e1 du\u0161e zperd\u011bn\u00e1!“"},"content":{"rendered":"

Zn\u00e1me je v\u0161ichni a\u00a0vsad\u00edm, co m\u00e1m, \u017ee i ti nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed krasoduchov\u00e9 a\u00a0krasodu\u0161ky mezi n\u00e1mi sem tam n\u011bjakou pou\u017eij\u00ed \u2013 nad\u00e1vky. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0hrub\u00e9, ur\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed osoby, \u0159id\u010deji p\u0159edm\u011btu nebo n\u011b\u010deho abstraktn\u00edho. Nad\u00e1vky maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce. V\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed emoce. N\u011bjak\u00e9 takov\u00e9 slovo n\u00e1m vyklouzne z\u00a0\u00fast, kdy\u017e do n\u00e1s t\u0159eba n\u011bkdo nabour\u00e1 a\u00a0n\u00e1m zkr\u00e1tka rupnou nervy (Kam \u010dum\u00ed\u0161, debile?!<\/em>). Nad\u00e1vky maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 konativn\u00ed funkci, jejich u\u017eit\u00edm m\u016f\u017eeme n\u011bkoho z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b pon\u00ed\u017eit, ubl\u00ed\u017eit mu (Opi\u010d\u00ed ksichte!<\/em> na adresu \u010dlov\u011bka s\u00a0nadm\u011brn\u00fdm ochlupen\u00edm obli\u010deje). Jsou obecn\u011b velmi n\u00e1padn\u00e9 a\u00a0poutaj\u00ed pozornost. N\u011bkdy mluv\u010d\u00ed nad\u00e1vky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, aby zapadli do kolektivu, s\u00a0\u010d\u00edm\u017e se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me nap\u0159\u00edklad u d\u011bt\u00ed ve \u0161kole. Roli hraj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00a0beletrii p\u0159i stylizaci postav (\u0160vejku, je\u017ei\u0161marj\u00e1, himlhergot, j\u00e1 v\u00e1s zast\u0159el\u00edm, vy hovado, vy dobytku, vy vole, vy hajzle jeden.<\/em>). Nadm\u011brn\u00e9mu u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nad\u00e1vek, vulgarism\u016f se odborn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 koprol\u00e1lie. Ta je symptomem n\u011bkter\u00fdch psychick\u00fdch nemoc\u00ed, kup\u0159\u00edkladu Tourettova syndromu.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 propos vulgarismy \u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0jejich \u0159ad se v\u011bt\u0161ina nad\u00e1vek rekrutuje, by\u0165 to nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b stoprocentn\u00edm pravidlem, nebo\u0165 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00edrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nad\u00e1vky maj\u00ed p\u016fvod ve slovech, kter\u00e1 obecn\u011b vulg\u00e1rn\u00ed nejsou (Sklapni, ty ka\u0161pare jeden!<\/em>). Nad\u00e1vky mnohdy n\u011bjak souvisej\u00ed se sexualitou a\u00a0vym\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00edm (P\u00ed\u010do!<\/em>, Vychc\u00e1nku!),<\/em> \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at (Ty prase jedno!<\/em>), rasou, etnicitou a\u00a0n\u00e1rodnost\u00ed (Neg\u0159e!<\/em>, \u017did\u00e1ku!<\/em>), politick\u00fdm a\u00a0n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm vyzn\u00e1n\u00edm, sv\u011bton\u00e1zorem (Komou\u0161i!<\/em>, \u010cernoprdeln\u00edku!<\/em>, N\u00e1cku zasranej!<\/em>) \u010di t\u011blesn\u00fdmi, du\u0161evn\u00edmi a\u00a0charakterov\u00fdmi vlastnostmi (Ple\u0161oune!<\/em>, Magore!<\/em>, Vlezdoprdelisto!<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Asi n\u00e1s p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nep\u0159ekvap\u00ed, \u017ee i nad\u00e1vky \u2013 stejn\u011b jako ostatn\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soba \u2013 jsou region\u00e1ln\u011b a\u00a0\u010dasov\u011b rozr\u016fzn\u011bn\u00e9. Trochu jinak se nad\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch a\u00a0trochu jinak na Morav\u011b a\u00a0ve Slezsku. Zn\u00e1te t\u0159eba n\u011bjak\u00e9ho ostravsk\u00e9ho chachara<\/em> (\u201alotr, pobuda\u2018)? Existuj\u00ed dokonce v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u201enad\u00e1vkov\u00e9 regiony\u201c, kter\u00e9 dokazuj\u00ed kulturn\u00ed souvislosti p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed hranice n\u00e1rodn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. Vid\u00edme tak, \u017ee v\u00a0n\u011bmeckojazy\u010dn\u00fdch zem\u00edch p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed nad\u00e1vky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nepochybuju, \u017ee jedna z\u00a0prvn\u00edch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch nad\u00e1vek, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s napadne, bude Arschloch<\/em> (doslova \u201aprdeld\u00edra\u2018). Situace v\u00a0\u010cech\u00e1ch je podobn\u00e1, na Morav\u011b a\u00a0ve Slezsku ale za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159echodov\u00e9 p\u00e1smo a\u00a0na Slovensku u\u017e p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed nad\u00e1vky spojen\u00e9 se sexualitou. Tyto hranice jsou v\u00a0sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b ale mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b ostr\u00e9 ne\u017e d\u0159\u00edv, v\u00a0\u010de\u0161tin\u011b toti\u017e oproti minulosti pon\u011bkud p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 nad\u00e1vek spojen\u00fdch pr\u00e1v\u011b se sexualitou, zde jen ve v\u00fdb\u011bru: buzou\u0161<\/em> \u201agay\u2018, kazimrd<\/em> \u201akdo n\u011bkomu kaz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k\u00a0pohlavn\u00edmu styku\u2018, kulizmrd<\/em> \u201anad\u00e1vka osob\u011b mu\u017esk\u00e9ho pohlav\u00ed\u2018, kundol\u00edza<\/em> \u201alesba\u2018. V\u00a0souladu s\u00a0obecn\u00fdm trendem v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho vlivu angli\u010dtiny se objevuj\u00ed i nad\u00e1vky pr\u00e1v\u011b z\u00a0tohoto jazyka (Uklidni se, ty shite.<\/em>).<\/p>\n

My te\u010f ale sou\u010dasnou \u010de\u0161tinu opust\u00edme a\u00a0nahl\u00e9dneme do jej\u00ed minulosti, abychom se pod\u00edvali, jak\u00e9 nad\u00e1vky se pou\u017e\u00edvaly v\u00a0uplynul\u00fdch stalet\u00edch \u010di desetilet\u00edch. Pr\u016fvodci po velmi star\u00fdch, star\u00fdch i ne a\u017e zas tak star\u00fdch nad\u00e1vk\u00e1ch (zav\u00edt\u00e1me do hlubok\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku a\u00a0skon\u010d\u00edme v\u00a019.\u00a0stolet\u00ed) n\u00e1m budou knihy \u201eChr\u00e1m i tvrz\u201c (Pavel Eisner) a\u00a0\u201eSlova a\u00a0d\u011bjiny\u201d (kol. autor\u016f pod veden\u00edm Igora N\u011bmce), nahl\u00e9dneme ale tak\u00e9 do r\u016fzn\u00fdch slovn\u00edk\u016f star\u0161\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny, kter\u00e9 jsou k\u00a0dispozici na lexikografick\u00e9 platform\u011b \u201eVokabul\u00e1\u0159 webov\u00fd\u201c (https:\/\/vokabular.ujc.cas.cz\/<\/a>), provozovan\u00e9 \u00dastavem pro jazyk \u010desk\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Vyjeben\u00e1 du\u0161e zperd\u011bn\u00e1!<\/em> Na rozjezd p\u00e1l\u00edm hned t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm kalibrem. Tato je asi moje nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, sm\u00edm-li si dovolit \u010dist\u011b osobn\u00ed vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed\u2026 M\u00edsto v\u00fdrazn\u011b explicitn\u00edho slova vyjeben\u00fd<\/em> (odpov\u00edd\u00e1 zhruba dne\u0161n\u00edmu slovu zkurven\u00fd<\/em>, zasran\u00fd<\/em>) se ve star\u0161\u00ed \u010de\u0161tin\u011b objevuje i eufemismus vyjeden\u00fd<\/em>, jak\u00e1si tabuov\u00e1 n\u00e1hra\u017eka v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho vulgarismu. M\u00e1me tak dolo\u017een\u00e1 nap\u0159. spojen\u00ed typu jeb\u00e1k vyjeden\u00fd \/ vyjeben\u00fd<\/em>. Pon\u011bkud m\u00e9n\u011b peprn\u00e9 nad\u00e1vky byly t\u0159eba kl\u00e9cka<\/em> (\u201akdo kulh\u00e1, m\u00e1 nehybnou kon\u010detinu\u2018), hatl\u00e1k<\/em> (\u201askrbl\u00edk\u2018) \u010di babinec<\/em> (\u201azbab\u011blec\u2018). Slovo sagit\u00e1\u0159<\/em> bylo hanliv\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed pro \u017e\u00e1ky a\u00a0studenty; z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00a0toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee v\u00fduka latiny za\u010d\u00ednala sklo\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm podstatn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na sagitta<\/em> (\u201ast\u0159ela\u2018).<\/p>\n

Sedl\u00e1k\u016fm se nad\u00e1valo slovem hnojokyd,<\/em> podkon\u00ed bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 urazit slovem t\u0159\u011bpa\u010dka<\/em> (p\u016fvodn\u011b \u201ahadr na \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kon\u00ed\u2018). V\u00a0kruz\u00edch urozen\u00e9 \u0161lechty bylo nad\u00e1vkou slovo chlap<\/em> (\u201anevoln\u00edk\u201a poddan\u00fd\u2018). Kr\u00e1l mohl jin\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le urazit t\u00edm, \u017ee ho ozna\u010dil za kr\u00e1l\u00edka<\/em> (\u201akr\u00e1l mal\u00e9 zem\u011b, chud\u00fd, nev\u00fdznamn\u00fd kr\u00e1l\u2018). Zde m\u00e1 tedy zdrobn\u011blina depreciativn\u00ed, hanlivou funkci.<\/p>\n

Star\u0161\u00ed \u010de\u0161tina opl\u00fdvala bohatstv\u00edm slov ozna\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch \u017eeny \u201enepoctiv\u00e9\u201c, \u010d\u00edm\u017e mysl\u00edm ty, kter\u00e9 poskytovaly sex za pen\u00edze. My se zastav\u00edme jen u kurvy<\/em>, kter\u00e1 se n\u00e1m dochovala a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f a\u00a0o\u010dividn\u011b se st\u00e1le t\u011b\u0161\u00ed dobr\u00e9mu zdrav\u00ed. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze slovansk\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu kur\u044ava<\/em> a\u00a0m\u00e1 paralelu v\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00e9m huora<\/em> \/ huore<\/em> (v dne\u0161n\u00ed n\u011bm\u010din\u011b Hure)<\/em> v\u00a0t\u00e9m\u017ee v\u00fdznamu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u011bm\u010dina \u010de\u0161tinu obohatila o\u00a0nad\u00e1vku z<\/em>\u00a0kurvy \u0161alek<\/em> (k n\u011bm. huoren-schalc<\/em>), tj. zhruba \u201azkurvysyn\u2018. Obohacen\u00ed to ale nebylo jednosm\u011brn\u00e9; z\u00a0n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho textu z\u00a0doby kolem roku 1280 m\u00e1me dolo\u017een\u00e9 hybridn\u00ed n\u011bmecko-\u010desk\u00e9 slovo huersyn.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nad\u00e1vky namnoze odr\u00e1\u017eely a\u00a0odr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed historick\u00e9 re\u00e1lie. Tak nap\u0159. slovo marburk<\/em> (\u201azr\u00e1dce, k\u0159ivop\u0159\u00edse\u017en\u00edk\u2018) bylo jako nad\u00e1vka motivov\u00e1no zradou ze strany \u010desk\u00fdch \u017eoldn\u00e9\u0159\u016f p\u0159i obran\u011b hradu Malborku v\u00a0roce 1457. Pape\u017eenec<\/em> (\u201apape\u017e\u016fv p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenec\u2018) byla nad\u00e1vka katol\u00edk\u016fm za dob husitstv\u00ed i pozd\u011bji, \u0158\u00edm\u011bn\u00edn<\/em> (\u201a\u0158\u00edman\u2018) nad\u00e1vka katol\u00edk\u016fm za husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek a\u00a0v\u00a0obdob\u00ed po nich. Kac\u00ed\u0159e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 po\u010dastovat slovem caf\u00far<\/em> (p\u016fvod nejasn\u00fd). Slovo h\u00e1ba se p\u016fvodn\u011b u\u017e\u00edvalo jako nad\u00e1vka novok\u0159t\u011bnc\u016fm, p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016fm st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed, pozd\u011bji se ust\u00e1lil v\u00fdznam \u201alakomec\u2018. Slovo \u010dehona<\/em> \/ \u010cehona<\/em> ve v\u00fdznamu \u201aprorakousky sm\u00fd\u0161lej\u00edc\u00ed, n\u00e1rodn\u011b nespolehliv\u00fd \u010cech\u2018 vzniklo z\u00a0textu rakousk\u00e9 c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 hymny: \u201e\u010ceho nabyl ob\u010dan piln\u00fd (…)\u201c, tj. zkomolen\u011b \u201e\u010cehona byl ob\u010dan piln\u00fd!\u201c Autorstv\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1sluha na popularizaci t\u00e9to nad\u00e1vky b\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ipisov\u00e1na Viktoru Dykovi (takto nap\u0159. Slovn\u00edk spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka \u010desk\u00e9ho<\/a><\/em>, 1960\u20131971). Historicky podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1 je i nad\u00e1vka bur\u017eoust<\/em> (\u201abohat\u00fd, omezen\u00fd m\u011b\u0161\u0165\u00e1k\u2018) souvisej\u00edc\u00ed se soci\u00e1ln\u00edm pnut\u00edm mezi m\u011b\u0161\u0165anstvem a\u00a0d\u011bln\u00edky v\u00a019.\u00a0stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 nad\u00e1vky ud\u011blaly leckdy hv\u011bzdnou paraleln\u00ed kari\u00e9ru jako p\u0159\u00edjmen\u00ed. Na\u0161imi sousedy jsou tak nap\u0159. p\u00e1nov\u00e9 Marvan<\/em> (\u201ahlup\u00e1k, nevzd\u011blanec\u2018, poprv\u00e9 dolo\u017eeno ze za\u010d\u00e1tku 16. stolet\u00ed), Mizera<\/em> (dolo\u017eeno od konce 14. stolet\u00ed), Zuna<\/em> (\u201ao\u0161kliv\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk\u2018), Hrube\u0161, Vo\u0161oust, Nechuta, Ne\u0159\u00e1d<\/em> a\u00a0jejich drah\u00e9 polovi\u010dky.<\/p>\n

Nad\u00e1vky m\u011bly je\u0161t\u011b doned\u00e1vna i sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed \u010dasopis, ve kter\u00e9m byly publikov\u00e1ny texty na t\u00e9ma verb\u00e1ln\u00ed agrese. Jmenoval se \u201eMaledicta\u201c a\u00a0vych\u00e1zel v\u00a0letech 1977\u20132005. Jeho zakladatelem a\u00a0vydavatelem byl Reinhold Aman (1936\u20132019), p\u016fvodem n\u011bmeck\u00fd germanista a\u00a0chemik, autor \u201eBavorsko-rakousk\u00e9ho slovn\u00edku nad\u00e1vek\u201c (\u201eBayrisch-\u00d6sterreichisches Schimpfw\u00f6rterbuch\u201c) \u010di knihy o\u00a0americk\u00e9m v\u011bze\u0148sk\u00e9m slangu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zn\u00e1me je v\u0161ichni a\u00a0vsad\u00edm, co m\u00e1m, \u017ee i ti nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed krasoduchov\u00e9 a\u00a0krasodu\u0161ky mezi n\u00e1mi sem tam n\u011bjakou pou\u017eij\u00ed \u2013 nad\u00e1vky. Jedn\u00e1 se o\u00a0hrub\u00e9, ur\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed osoby, \u0159id\u010deji p\u0159edm\u011btu nebo n\u011b\u010deho abstraktn\u00edho. Nad\u00e1vky maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 funkce. V\u00a0prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed emoce. N\u011bjak\u00e9 takov\u00e9 slovo n\u00e1m vyklouzne z\u00a0\u00fast, kdy\u017e do n\u00e1s t\u0159eba n\u011bkdo nabour\u00e1 a\u00a0n\u00e1m zkr\u00e1tka rupnou nervy … Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed textu O nad\u00e1vk\u00e1ch nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch i star\u0161\u00edch: „Ty shite“ nebo „Vyjeben\u00e1 du\u0161e zperd\u011bn\u00e1!“<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[173,170,172,171,174],"class_list":["post-826","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-aktuality","tag-eufemismus","tag-nadavky","tag-nemcina","tag-vulgarismy","tag-zkomolenina"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=826"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":869,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/826\/revisions\/869"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=826"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=826"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nastenka.neologismy.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}